S. 37(1): Business expenditure –Capital or revenue-Advantage for enduring benefit-Non-compete fee –No monopoly achieved-Allowable as revenue expenditure.

S. 36(1)(viii) : Eligible business-Special reserve-Forty per cent. of “profits derived from such business of providing long-term finance”-Amendment brought by Finance Act, 1995-Concept of an integrated business cannot be invoked to expand scope of benefit to cover income not strictly satisfying definition-Dividend does not qualify as profits derived from business of providing long-term finance or loans Not eligible for deduction-Interest earned from bank deposits attributable to business, but not derived from activity of providing long-term finance-Not eligible for deduction-Service charges received for Sugar Development Fund loans Funds belonged to Government of India-Receipts were charges paid by Government for administrative tasks of monitoring and disbursement Proximate source was agency agreement with Government, not lending activity-Could not be equated with “profits derived from business of providing long-term finance” Not eligible for deduction-“Derived from”-Interpretation of taxing statutes-Strict interpretation-Precedent-Judgment based on old, broader law cannot be used to interpret new, stricter provision.[S.80IB, Art. 136]

S. 36(1)(iii): Interest on borrowed capital-Advance to subsidiary-investment made for acquiring controlling interest in associate concern-Commercial expediency-Allowable as deduction.

S. 32 : Depreciation-Intangible asset-Non-compete agreement-Right in personam-Not an intangible asset-Depreciation not allowable on non-compete fees.[S. 32(1)(ii)]

S. 28(i) : Business income-Capital gains-Two provisions operate in distinct and independent fields-Mere receipt not sufficient to attract charge Commercial realisability required-Shares received on amalgamation-Shares held as stock-in-trade Nature of stock-in-trade wholly different from investment-No exception contemplated in case of business assets-Shares received on amalgamation-Shares held as stock-in-trade-Profit taxable as business profits-Burden on department to establish and Tribunal to apply the principles to evidence on record-Charge attracted only upon allotment of new shares-Not on appointed date or date of court sanction. [S. 2(1B), 2(14), 2(47), 28, 45(1), 47(vii) Art. 136]

S.14A: Disallowance of expenditure-Exempt income-Disallowance is not attracted where there is no income exempt from tax-Disallowance is restricted to the extent of exempt income-Finance Bill, 2022, declaring that amendment to take effect from 1-4-2022 and accordingly applies in relation to assessment year 2022-2023 and subsequent assessment years-Order of Tribunal affirmed. [R.8D]

S. 11 : Property held for charitable purposes-Tribunal affirmed and applied proviso to section 2(15) to disentitle exemption under sections 11 and 12-Assessment year under consideration expenditure exceeded donations and no retention of income but deficit of seven per cent-Proviso to section 2(15) not attracted and denial of exemption unsustainable. [S. 2(15), 12AA]

S. 37(1): Business expenditure – Scientific research expenditure – Expenditure not approved by DSIR for weighted deduction – Ordinary deduction allowable if expenditure incurred wholly and exclusively for business – Deduction allowed u/s 37(1).[ S. 35(2AB ) ]

S. 37(1): Business expenditure – Rent paid to directors for farmhouse used for accommodation of foreign customers – Business purpose partly established – Personal use not ruled out – Disallowance restricted to 50 per cent. [ S.40A(2)(b) ]

S. 14A: Disallowance of expenditure relating to exempt income – For the purpose of Rule 8D, only investments which have actually yielded exempt income during the year can be considered – No disallowance of interest where own funds exceed investments – Presumption that investments are made out of interest-free funds. [R. 8D(2)(ii), 8D(2)(iii)]